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2) Which of the following statements would be least acceptable to most zoologists? A) The extant lancelets are contemporaries, not ancestors, of vertebrates. B) The first fossils resembling lancelets appeared in the fossil record around 530 million years ago. C) Recent work in molecular systematics supports the hypothesis that lancelets are the most recent common ancestor of all vertebrates. D) The extant lancelets are the immediate ancestors of the fishes. E) Lancelets display the same method of swimming as do fishes.

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5) How many of the following statements about craniates is (are) correct? Craniates are more highly cephalized than are noncraniates. Craniates' genomic evolution includes duplication of clusters of genes that code for transcription factors. The craniate clade is synonymous with the vertebrate clade. Pharyngeal slits that play important roles in gas exchange originated in craniates. The two-chambered heart originated with the early craniates.

A) one of these B) two of these C) three of these D) four of these E) five of these. 10) A team of researchers has developed a poison that has proven effective against lamprey larvae in freshwater cultures.

The poison is ingested and causes paralysis by detaching segmental muscles from the skeletal elements. The team wants to test the poison's effectiveness in streams feeding Lake Michigan, but one critic worries about potential effects on lancelets, which are similar to lampreys in many ways. Why is this concern misplaced? A) A chemical poisonous to lampreys could not also be toxic to organisms as ancestral as lancelets. B) Lamprey larvae and lancelets have very different feeding mechanisms.

C) Lancelets do not have segmental muscles. D) Lancelets live only in saltwater environments. E) Lancelets and lamprey larvae eat different kinds of food. 10) A team of researchers has developed a poison that has proven effective against lamprey larvae in freshwater cultures. The poison is ingested and causes paralysis by detaching segmental muscles from the skeletal elements. The team wants to test the poison's effectiveness in streams feeding Lake Michigan, but one critic worries about potential effects on lancelets, which are similar to lampreys in many ways.

Why is this concern misplaced? A) A chemical poisonous to lampreys could not also be toxic to organisms as ancestral as lancelets. B) Lamprey larvae and lancelets have very different feeding mechanisms. C) Lancelets do not have segmental muscles. D) Lancelets live only in saltwater environments. E) Lancelets and lamprey larvae eat different kinds of food.

52) Which of these statements about human evolution is correct? A) The ancestors of Homo sapiens were chimpanzees. B) Human evolution has proceeded in an orderly fashion from an ancestral anthropoid to Homo sapiens.

C) The evolution of upright posture and enlarged brain occurred simultaneously. D) Different species of the genus Homo have coexisted at various times throughout hominin evolution. E) Mitochondrial DNA analysis indicates that modern humans are genetically very similar to Neanderthals. Fishes that have swim bladders can regulate their density and, thus, their buoyancy.

There are two types of swim bladder: physostomus and physoclistus. The ancestral version is the physostomus version, in which the swim bladder is connected to the esophagus via a short tube (Figure 34.1). The fish fills this version by swimming to the surface, taking gulps of air, and directing them into the swim bladder. Air is removed from this version by 'belching.' The physoclistus version is more derived, and has lost its connection to the esophagus. Instead, gas enters and leaves the swim bladder via special circulatory mechanisms within the wall of the swim bladder.

60) The presence of a swim bladder allows the typical ray-finned fish to stop swimming and still A) effectively circulate its blood. B) be highly maneuverable. C) use its lateral line system. D) use its swim bladder as a respiratory organ.

Fishes that have swim bladders can regulate their density and, thus, their buoyancy. There are two types of swim bladder: physostomus and physoclistus. The ancestral version is the physostomus version, in which the swim bladder is connected to the esophagus via a short tube (Figure 34.1).

The fish fills this version by swimming to the surface, taking gulps of air, and directing them into the swim bladder. Air is removed from this version by 'belching.'

The physoclistus version is more derived, and has lost its connection to the esophagus. Instead, gas enters and leaves the swim bladder via special circulatory mechanisms within the wall of the swim bladder.

61) Rank the following fish, from most to least, in terms of the amount of energy it must use to maintain its position (depth) in the water column over the long term. Physoclistus fish 2. Physostomus fish 3. Chondrichthyan fish A) 1, 2, 3 B) 2, 3, 1 C) 2, 1, 3 D) 3, 1, 2 E) 3, 2, 1. Fishes that have swim bladders can regulate their density and, thus, their buoyancy. There are two types of swim bladder: physostomus and physoclistus.

The ancestral version is the physostomus version, in which the swim bladder is connected to the esophagus via a short tube (Figure 34.1). The fish fills this version by swimming to the surface, taking gulps of air, and directing them into the swim bladder.

Air is removed from this version by 'belching.' The physoclistus version is more derived, and has lost its connection to the esophagus. Instead, gas enters and leaves the swim bladder via special circulatory mechanisms within the wall of the swim bladder. 62) If a physoclistus fish removes gas from its swim bladder, this fish's density cannot actually change until that gas arrives at the A) mouth.

Fishes that have swim bladders can regulate their density and, thus, their buoyancy. There are two types of swim bladder: physostomus and physoclistus. The ancestral version is the physostomus version, in which the swim bladder is connected to the esophagus via a short tube (Figure 34.1). The fish fills this version by swimming to the surface, taking gulps of air, and directing them into the swim bladder. Air is removed from this version by 'belching.' The physoclistus version is more derived, and has lost its connection to the esophagus.

Instead, gas enters and leaves the swim bladder via special circulatory mechanisms within the wall of the swim bladder. 63) Which shark structure is most analogous to a swim bladder full of gas? A) its lateral line system B) its spiral valve C) its liver D) its dead-end nostrils E) its gills. Fishes that have swim bladders can regulate their density and, thus, their buoyancy.

There are two types of swim bladder: physostomus and physoclistus. The ancestral version is the physostomus version, in which the swim bladder is connected to the esophagus via a short tube (Figure 34.1). The fish fills this version by swimming to the surface, taking gulps of air, and directing them into the swim bladder. Air is removed from this version by 'belching.' The physoclistus version is more derived, and has lost its connection to the esophagus.

Instead, gas enters and leaves the swim bladder via special circulatory mechanisms within the wall of the swim bladder. 64) When a shark stops swimming, it does which of the following? Quickly dies 3. Oxygenates its blood less effectively A) 1 only B) 2 only C) 3 only D) 1 and 3 E) 1, 2, and 3. Fishes that have swim bladders can regulate their density and, thus, their buoyancy. There are two types of swim bladder: physostomus and physoclistus. The ancestral version is the physostomus version, in which the swim bladder is connected to the esophagus via a short tube (Figure 34.1).

The fish fills this version by swimming to the surface, taking gulps of air, and directing them into the swim bladder. Air is removed from this version by 'belching.' The physoclistus version is more derived, and has lost its connection to the esophagus. Instead, gas enters and leaves the swim bladder via special circulatory mechanisms within the wall of the swim bladder.

65) We should expect the inner wall of the swim bladder to be lined with tissue that is derived from A) ectoderm. E) neurectoderm. Fishes that have swim bladders can regulate their density and, thus, their buoyancy. There are two types of swim bladder: physostomus and physoclistus. The ancestral version is the physostomus version, in which the swim bladder is connected to the esophagus via a short tube (Figure 34.1). The fish fills this version by swimming to the surface, taking gulps of air, and directing them into the swim bladder.

Air is removed from this version by 'belching.' The physoclistus version is more derived, and has lost its connection to the esophagus. Instead, gas enters and leaves the swim bladder via special circulatory mechanisms within the wall of the swim bladder. 66) Regarding its position in the water column, the same thing that happens to a shark when it stops swimming also happens to a A) physostomus fish when it gulps air. B) physoclistus fish when it moves gas from the blood into the water. C) physoclistus fish when it moves gas from the swim bladder into the blood. D) physoclistus fish when it moves gas from the blood into the swim bladder.

Fishes that have swim bladders can regulate their density and, thus, their buoyancy. There are two types of swim bladder: physostomus and physoclistus. The ancestral version is the physostomus version, in which the swim bladder is connected to the esophagus via a short tube (Figure 34.1).

The fish fills this version by swimming to the surface, taking gulps of air, and directing them into the swim bladder. Air is removed from this version by 'belching.' The physoclistus version is more derived, and has lost its connection to the esophagus. Instead, gas enters and leaves the swim bladder via special circulatory mechanisms within the wall of the swim bladder. 67) In coelacanths, a swim bladder is present, but the swim bladder is full of adipose tissue (fat), which is there on a fairly permanent basis.

If such a swim bladder is used by coelacanths to affect buoyancy, then it does so in much the same way as does the A) liver of a shark. B) physoclistus swim bladder. C) physostomus swim bladder. D) lung of a lungfish.

Terry catches a ray-finned fish from the ocean and notices that attached to its flank is an equally long, snakelike organism. The attached organism has no external segmentation, no scales, a round mouth surrounded by a sucker, and two small eyes. Terry thinks it might be a marine leech, a hagfish, or a lamprey. 81) Terry detaches the snakelike organism from the fish and uses a knife to cut off its head. In doing so, its brain slides out onto the deck of the boat.

Terry peers into the cut end of the head and notices that the brain had lain in a sort of panlike structure that only partially surrounded the brain. What is the structure Terry is observing, and what is it made of?

A) skull, made of bone B) cranium, made of bone C) cranium, made of cartilage D) vertebral column, made of bone E) vertebral column, made of cartilage. Notices that attached to its flank is an equally long, snakelike organism.

The attached organism has no external segmentation, no scales, a round mouth surrounded by a sucker, and two small eyes. Terry thinks it might be a marine leech, a hagfish, or a lamprey. 82) Terry takes the body of the snakelike organism and slices it open along its dorsal side. If it is a hagfish, what should Terry see? A) a well-developed series of bony vertebrae surrounding the spinal cord B) a well-developed series of cartilaginous vertebrae surrounding the spinal cord C) a tube of cartilage (surrounding the notochord) with dorsal projections on both sides of the spinal cord D) a notochord, located underneath the spinal cord.

Terry catches a ray-finned fish from the ocean and notices that attached to its flank is an equally long, snakelike organism. The attached organism has no external segmentation, no scales, a round mouth surrounded by a sucker, and two small eyes. Terry thinks it might be a marine leech, a hagfish, or a lamprey.

83) The snakelike organism turned out to be a hagfish. Consequently, why should Terry throw the fish to which the hagfish was attached overboard, rather than having it for dinner? A) It has mucus on its skin. B) If it had an ectoparasite, then it must also have endoparasites. C) The bite of the hagfish introduces paralytic neurotoxins, which Terry wants to avoid.

D) It was already sick or dying; otherwise, the hagfish would probably not have attacked it. Terry catches a ray-finned fish from the ocean and notices that attached to its flank is an equally long, snakelike organism.

The attached organism has no external segmentation, no scales, a round mouth surrounded by a sucker, and two small eyes. Terry thinks it might be a marine leech, a hagfish, or a lamprey. 84) Having caught and handled a hagfish, what will Terry's shipmates most likely require Terry to do before returning to further fishing? A) Wash his hands and then don gloves to prevent the spread of harmful microbes that live only on hagfish skin. B) Clean the bucketsful of hagfish slime from the deck of the boat.

C) Dispose of the fishing tackle that had been poisoned by coming into contact with the hagfish. D) Cut up the remaining hagfish and share pieces of this highly sought-after baitfish. Terry catches a ray-finned fish from the ocean and notices that attached to its flank is an equally long, snakelike organism. The attached organism has no external segmentation, no scales, a round mouth surrounded by a sucker, and two small eyes. Terry thinks it might be a marine leech, a hagfish, or a lamprey.

85) Terry saved some of the tooth-like objects within the hagfish's round mouth to analyze their composition in his mentor's biochemistry research lab. Terry will find that they are composed of the same protein found in tetrapod A) skin. D) cartilage.

While on an intersession course in tropical ecology, Kris pulls a large, snakelike organism from a burrow (the class was granted a collecting permit). The 1-m-long organism has smooth skin, which appears to be segmented. It has two tiny eyes that are hard to see because they seem to be covered by skin. Kris brings it back to the lab at the field station, where it is a source of puzzlement to the class. Kris says that it is a giant oligochaete worm; Shaun suggests it is a legless amphibian; Kelly proposes it belongs to a snake species that is purely fossorial (lives in a burrow). 86) The class decided to humanely euthanize the organism and subsequently dissect it. Atlas copco qas 30 parts. Having decided that it was probably not a reptile, two of their original hypotheses regarding its identity remained.

Which of the following, if observed, should help them arrive at a conclusive answer? A) presence of a closed circulatory system B) presence of moist, highly vascularized skin C) presence of lungs D) presence of a nerve cord E) presence of a digestive system with two openings. While on an intersession course in tropical ecology, Kris pulls a large, snakelike organism from a burrow (the class was granted a collecting permit). The 1-m-long organism has smooth skin, which appears to be segmented.

It has two tiny eyes that are hard to see because they seem to be covered by skin. Kris brings it back to the lab at the field station, where it is a source of puzzlement to the class. Kris says that it is a giant oligochaete worm; Shaun suggests it is a legless amphibian; Kelly proposes it belongs to a snake species that is purely fossorial (lives in a burrow). 87) The organism was found to have two lungs, but the left lung was much smaller than the right lung. Kelly added that the herpetology instructor had said that in most snakes, the same condition exists. If the size difference between the lungs in this organism is not a shared ancestral characteristic with its occurrence in snakes, then its existence in this organism is explained as which of the following? A result of convergent evolution 2.

An example of homologous structures 3. A similar adaptation to a shared lifestyle or body plan 4. A result of having identical Hox genes 5. A homoplasy A) 3 only B) 1 and 5 C) 1, 3, and 5 D) 2, 3, and 5 E) 3, 4, and 5. While on an intersession course in tropical ecology, Kris pulls a large, snakelike organism from a burrow (the class was granted a collecting permit). The 1-m-long organism has smooth skin, which appears to be segmented.

It has two tiny eyes that are hard to see because they seem to be covered by skin. Kris brings it back to the lab at the field station, where it is a source of puzzlement to the class. Kris says that it is a giant oligochaete worm; Shaun suggests it is a legless amphibian; Kelly proposes it belongs to a snake species that is purely fossorial (lives in a burrow). 88) The adaptation of the body shape of snakes has resulted in one of their lungs becoming vestigial. Another adaptation (to a fossorial lifestyle) is snakes' absence of limbs. If the 'mystery organism' has also become adapted to a fossorial lifestyle, though its ancestors moved about on the surface, then which structures should one expect to find upon dissecting the organism? Reduced or absent pelvic and/or pectoral girdles 2.

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Metanephridia 3. Hydrostatic skeleton A) 1 only B) 1 and 2 C) 1 and 3 D) 2 and 3 E) 1, 2, and 3. While on an intersession course in tropical ecology, Kris pulls a large, snakelike organism from a burrow (the class was granted a collecting permit). The 1-m-long organism has smooth skin, which appears to be segmented. It has two tiny eyes that are hard to see because they seem to be covered by skin. Kris brings it back to the lab at the field station, where it is a source of puzzlement to the class.

Kris says that it is a giant oligochaete worm; Shaun suggests it is a legless amphibian; Kelly proposes it belongs to a snake species that is purely fossorial (lives in a burrow). 89) Which one of these, if found, should clear up any remaining doubt as to the identity of the organism? A) vestigial pelvic girdle B) blood vessels carrying oxygenated blood from both the skin and the functional lung to the heart C) closed circulatory system D) ability to produce toxins from glands located on the skin, or that empty into the mouth E) two-chambered heart. Due to its system of nine air sacs connected to the lungs, the respiratory system of birds is arguably the most effective respiratory system of all air-breathers. Upon inhalation, air first flows into posterior air sacs, then into the lungs, and then into anterior air sacs on the way to being exhaled. Thus, there is one-way flow of air through the lungs, along thousands of tubules called parabronchi.

90) If the inner lining of the air sacs is neither thin nor highly vascularized, then what can be inferred about the air sacs? A) They must not belong to the respiratory system.

B) They cannot be derived from endoderm. C) They cannot be sites of gas exchange between air and blood. D) They must obtain nutrition from some source other than the bloodstream. E) They cannot effectively moisturize the air before it reaches the lungs.

Due to its system of nine air sacs connected to the lungs, the respiratory system of birds is arguably the most effective respiratory system of all air-breathers. Upon inhalation, air first flows into posterior air sacs, then into the lungs, and then into anterior air sacs on the way to being exhaled. Thus, there is one-way flow of air through the lungs, along thousands of tubules called parabronchi. 91) Some bird bones are hollow rather than honeycombed. The hollow bones mostly contain air sacs. The replacement of bone marrow with air sacs is properly understood as an adaptation to A) reduce the weight of the bird. B) facilitate flight.

C) eliminate the functions that marrow performs. D) All three of the options listed are correct. E) Only two of the options listed are correct. Due to its system of nine air sacs connected to the lungs, the respiratory system of birds is arguably the most effective respiratory system of all air-breathers. Upon inhalation, air first flows into posterior air sacs, then into the lungs, and then into anterior air sacs on the way to being exhaled.

Thus, there is one-way flow of air through the lungs, along thousands of tubules called parabronchi. 93) If Archaeopteryx had air sacs, then which of its features would have had the opposite effect on enabling Archaeopteryx to fly long distances from that provided by air sacs? Contour feathers 3. Wing claws 4. Long tail with many vertebrae A) 1 and 2 B) 1 and 4 C) 2 and 3 D) 1, 2, and 4 E) 1, 3, and 4.

Due to its system of nine air sacs connected to the lungs, the respiratory system of birds is arguably the most effective respiratory system of all air-breathers. Upon inhalation, air first flows into posterior air sacs, then into the lungs, and then into anterior air sacs on the way to being exhaled. Thus, there is one-way flow of air through the lungs, along thousands of tubules called parabronchi. 93) If Archaeopteryx had air sacs, then which of its features would have had the opposite effect on enabling Archaeopteryx to fly long distances from that provided by air sacs?

Contour feathers 3. Wing claws 4. Long tail with many vertebrae A) 1 and 2 B) 1 and 4 C) 2 and 3 D) 1, 2, and 4 E) 1, 3, and 4. Due to its system of nine air sacs connected to the lungs, the respiratory system of birds is arguably the most effective respiratory system of all air-breathers. Upon inhalation, air first flows into posterior air sacs, then into the lungs, and then into anterior air sacs on the way to being exhaled. Thus, there is one-way flow of air through the lungs, along thousands of tubules called parabronchi. 94) Which feature of some carinates has the same effect on weight as the presence of air sacs?

A) presence of a large, heavily keratinized beak B) absence of a urinary bladder C) presence of a carina (keel) D) number of chambers in the heart E) presence of large pectoral muscles. Due to its system of nine air sacs connected to the lungs, the respiratory system of birds is arguably the most effective respiratory system of all air-breathers. Upon inhalation, air first flows into posterior air sacs, then into the lungs, and then into anterior air sacs on the way to being exhaled. Thus, there is one-way flow of air through the lungs, along thousands of tubules called parabronchi. 95) The movement of air along parabronchi is most similar to the movement of A) air in the lungs of other amniotes. B) food/waste in a gastrovascular cavity.

C) food/waste in a digestive system with separate mouth and anus. D) the frog tongue during feeding. E) air in lungs of terrestrial amphibians. Due to its system of nine air sacs connected to the lungs, the respiratory system of birds is arguably the most effective respiratory system of all air-breathers.

Upon inhalation, air first flows into posterior air sacs, then into the lungs, and then into anterior air sacs on the way to being exhaled. Thus, there is one-way flow of air through the lungs, along thousands of tubules called parabronchi.

96) Which type of bird is most likely to need air sacs to reduce its weight? A) birds that migrate long distances B) waterfowl that float on water, but do not dive C) birds that spend much of their time underwater D) ratites. Due to its system of nine air sacs connected to the lungs, the respiratory system of birds is arguably the most effective respiratory system of all air-breathers. Upon inhalation, air first flows into posterior air sacs, then into the lungs, and then into anterior air sacs on the way to being exhaled. Thus, there is one-way flow of air through the lungs, along thousands of tubules called parabronchi. 97) The one-way flow of air along parabronchi makes what type of exchange mechanism possible, at least theoretically?

A) the same as that occurring in fish gills B) the same as that occurring in insect tracheae C) the same as that occurring in mammalian lungs D) the same as that occurring in echinoderm skin gills. In the United States and Canada, bats use one of two strategies to survive winter: They either migrate south, or they hibernate. Recently, those that hibernate seem to have come under attack by a fungus, Geomyces destructans (Gd), an attack that is occurring from Missouri to southern Canada. Many infected bats have a delicate, white filamentous mat on their muzzles, which is referred to as white-nose syndrome (WNS).

The fungus invades the bat tissues, causes discomfort, and awakens the bat from its hibernation. The bat fidgets and wastes calories, using up its stored fat.

The bat then behaves abnormally, leaving its cave during daytime in winter to search for food. Their food, primarily insects, is scarce during the winter, and the bats ultimately starve to death. Since 2007, it is estimated that up to 1 million bats have perished from WNS. 98) The Gd mat on the fur of the bats should be expected to consist of A) hyphae. B) haustoria. C) arbuscules.

In the United States and Canada, bats use one of two strategies to survive winter: They either migrate south, or they hibernate. Recently, those that hibernate seem to have come under attack by a fungus, Geomyces destructans (Gd), an attack that is occurring from Missouri to southern Canada. Many infected bats have a delicate, white filamentous mat on their muzzles, which is referred to as white-nose syndrome (WNS). The fungus invades the bat tissues, causes discomfort, and awakens the bat from its hibernation. The bat fidgets and wastes calories, using up its stored fat. The bat then behaves abnormally, leaving its cave during daytime in winter to search for food.

Their food, primarily insects, is scarce during the winter, and the bats ultimately starve to death. Since 2007, it is estimated that up to 1 million bats have perished from WNS.

99) Gd is a cold-loving fungus. Thus, which characteristics of normal bat behavior can be most expected to favor the growth of this fungus? A) southward migration during the winter B) communal roosting in tightly packed clusters during hibernation C) reliance on fat reserves for calories during hibernation D) much-reduced metabolic rate during hibernation E) hibernating in parts of the cave that are farthest away from the mouth of the cave. In the United States and Canada, bats use one of two strategies to survive winter: They either migrate south, or they hibernate.

Recently, those that hibernate seem to have come under attack by a fungus, Geomyces destructans (Gd), an attack that is occurring from Missouri to southern Canada. Many infected bats have a delicate, white filamentous mat on their muzzles, which is referred to as white-nose syndrome (WNS).

The fungus invades the bat tissues, causes discomfort, and awakens the bat from its hibernation. The bat fidgets and wastes calories, using up its stored fat. The bat then behaves abnormally, leaving its cave during daytime in winter to search for food.

Their food, primarily insects, is scarce during the winter, and the bats ultimately starve to death. Since 2007, it is estimated that up to 1 million bats have perished from WNS. 100) Gd is a cold-loving fungus. Thus, which characteristics of abnormal bat behavior can be most expected to favor the growth of this fungus?

A) shifting roosting location to the mouth of the cave during winter B) searching for food during winter C) searching for food during the day D) All three of the options listed are correct. E) Only two of the options listed are correct.

In the United States and Canada, bats use one of two strategies to survive winter: They either migrate south, or they hibernate. Recently, those that hibernate seem to have come under attack by a fungus, Geomyces destructans (Gd), an attack that is occurring from Missouri to southern Canada.

Many infected bats have a delicate, white filamentous mat on their muzzles, which is referred to as white-nose syndrome (WNS). The fungus invades the bat tissues, causes discomfort, and awakens the bat from its hibernation. The bat fidgets and wastes calories, using up its stored fat. The bat then behaves abnormally, leaving its cave during daytime in winter to search for food. Their food, primarily insects, is scarce during the winter, and the bats ultimately starve to death. Since 2007, it is estimated that up to 1 million bats have perished from WNS.

101) Gd is a cold-loving fungus. Thus, which characteristics of normal bat behavior can be most expected to favor the spread of this fungus to uninfected bats?

A) southward migration during the winter B) communal roosting in tightly packed clusters during hibernation C) reliance on fat reserves for calories during hibernation D) much-reduced metabolic rate during hibernation E) hibernating in parts of the cave that are farthest away from the mouth of the cave. In the United States and Canada, bats use one of two strategies to survive winter: They either migrate south, or they hibernate. Recently, those that hibernate seem to have come under attack by a fungus, Geomyces destructans (Gd), an attack that is occurring from Missouri to southern Canada. Many infected bats have a delicate, white filamentous mat on their muzzles, which is referred to as white-nose syndrome (WNS).

The fungus invades the bat tissues, causes discomfort, and awakens the bat from its hibernation. The bat fidgets and wastes calories, using up its stored fat.

The bat then behaves abnormally, leaving its cave during daytime in winter to search for food. Their food, primarily insects, is scarce during the winter, and the bats ultimately starve to death. Since 2007, it is estimated that up to 1 million bats have perished from WNS. 102) Almost all North American bats are insectivores, with one notable exception being a bat that bites and then laps blood from the wound. The blood-lapping bats are limited to the warm, southwestern United States. Thus, if WNS continues to decimate bat populations in the United States and Canada, then we can expect A) livestock bites from vampire bats to increase in frequency. B) plant diseases that are spread by insects to increase in frequency.

C) plant diseases directly caused by insect feeding to increase in frequency. D) human and livestock diseases that are spread by insects to increase in frequency. E) all but one of these are correct. In the United States and Canada, bats use one of two strategies to survive winter: They either migrate south, or they hibernate. Recently, those that hibernate seem to have come under attack by a fungus, Geomyces destructans (Gd), an attack that is occurring from Missouri to southern Canada.

Many infected bats have a delicate, white filamentous mat on their muzzles, which is referred to as white-nose syndrome (WNS). The fungus invades the bat tissues, causes discomfort, and awakens the bat from its hibernation. The bat fidgets and wastes calories, using up its stored fat. The bat then behaves abnormally, leaving its cave during daytime in winter to search for food.

Their food, primarily insects, is scarce during the winter, and the bats ultimately starve to death. Since 2007, it is estimated that up to 1 million bats have perished from WNS. 103) Which feature(s) allow(s) hibernating bats to conserve heat without using calories? A) shivering B) fur C) fat layer below the skin D) All three of the options listed are correct.

E) Two of the options listed are correct. 106) Which of the following could be considered the most recent common ancestor of living tetrapods? A) a sturdy-finned, shallow-water lobe-fin whose appendages had skeletal supports similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates B) an armored, jawed placoderm with two pairs of appendages C) an early ray-finned fish that developed bony skeletal supports in its paired fins D) a salamander that had legs supported by a bony skeleton but moved with the side-to-side bending typical of fishes E) an early terrestrial caecilian whose legless condition had evolved secondarily.

Circulatory system possesses three major components such as set of interconnecting vessels, circulatory fluid, and muscular pump. They are either open or closed. In open circulatory system, hemolymph is a circulatory fluid and it is present in insects. There is a chemical exchange occurs between body cells and hemolymph. Blood is the circulatory fluid in closed circulatory system.

It is mostly present in vertebrates and annelids in which heart pumps blood into larger vessels that branch into smaller ones. It also helps in perfusion or infiltration of blood into extracellular tissues. Lungs of vertebrate are closely associated with blood supply. In vertebrates such as reptiles, the pulmonary circulation perfuses the lungs and it is much more evolved in mammals. Double circulation involves heart and lungs that are highly evolved in vertebrates. Gills of fish help in the exchange of gases. It contains filaments and each filament has a capillary network.

They also have a counter current exchange where blood and water flows in opposite directions. Air enters the earthworm by skin in which oxygen (O 2) is drawn to the circulatory system by dorsal blood vessel. The movement makes the blood flow of the earthworm back to back. Carbon dioxide (CO 2) also dissolves out of the blood back to the skin and O 2 exchange occurs by capillaries supplied to the skin.